Baseball - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Baseball is a bat- and- ball game played between two teams of nine players each who take turns batting and fielding. The batting team attempts to score runs by hitting a ball that is thrown by the pitcher with a bat swung by the batter, then running counter- clockwise around a series of four bases: first, second, third, and home plate. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases and returns to home plate. Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the batting team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates' turns batting, such as on a hit or by other means. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs.
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One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an inning. A game comprises nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins.
Baseball is the only major team sport in America with no game clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Evolving from older bat- and- ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid- 1. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 1. 9th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia. In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central.
Big Al Baseball Training and Development Center online. Leagues, we know T&D for coaches is absolutely critical to the success of your league. Part of a series on the: History of baseball; Origins; Early years; First league; Knickerbocker Rules; Massachusetts rules; Alexander Cartwright; Doubleday myth.
The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series. The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. History. Origins of baseball.
The evolution of baseball from older bat- and- ball games is difficult to trace with precision. A French manuscript from 1. Other old French games such as th. ГЁque, la balle au b.
Гўton, and la balle empoisonn. Г©e also appear to be related.[2] Consensus once held that today's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game (2. David Block, suggests that the game originated in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and "tut- ball".[3] It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games, though evidence uncovered in early 2. England from Flanders.[4]The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1.
British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket- Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base- ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set- up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground- level bases.[5]David Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass- Ball" took place in 1.
Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player.[6] William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1. Guildford, Surrey.[7] This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants.
Rounders was also brought to the USA by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry. The first known American reference to baseball appears in a 1.
Pittsfield, Massachusetts, town bylaw prohibiting the playing of the game near the town's new meeting house.[8] By 1. German scholar's book on popular pastimes. As described by Johann Gutsmuths, "englische Base- ball" involved a contest between two teams, in which "the batter has three attempts to hit the ball while at the home plate." Only one out was required to retire a side.[9].
Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball. By the early 1. 83.
North America. These games were often referred to locally as "town ball", though other names such as "round- ball" and "base- ball" were also used.[1. Among the earliest examples to receive a detailed description—albeit five decades after the fact, in a letter from an attendee to Sporting Life magazine—took place in Beachville, Ontario, in 1. There were many similarities to modern baseball, and some crucial differences: five bases (or byes); first bye just 1. The once widely accepted story that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1. In 1. 84. 5, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, led the codification of the so- called Knickerbocker Rules.[1.
The practice, common to bat- and- ball games of the day, of "soaking" or "plugging"—effecting a putout by hitting a runner with a thrown ball—was barred. The rules thus facilitated the use of a smaller, harder ball than had been common. Several other rules also brought the Knickerbockers' game close to the modern one, though a ball caught on the first bounce was, again, an out and only underhand pitching was allowed.[1. While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1. U. S. history took place on June 1. Hoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers, 2.
With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half- century.[1. History of baseball in the United States. The game turns professional. In the mid- 1. 85. New York metropolitan area.[1. By 1. 85. 6, local journals were referring to baseball as the "national pastime" or "national game".[1.
A year later, sixteen area clubs formed the sport's first governing body, the National Association of Base Ball Players. In 1. 85. 8 in Corona, Queens. New York, at the Fashion Race Course, the first games of baseball to charge admission took place. The games, which took place between the all stars of Brooklyn, including players from the Brooklyn Atlantics, Excelsior of Brooklyn, Putnams and Eckford of Brooklyn, and the All Stars of New York (Manhattan), including players from the New York Knickerbockers, Gothams (predecessors of the San Francisco Giants), Eagles and Empire, are commonly believed to be the first all- star baseball games.[1. In 1. 86. 3, the organization disallowed putouts made by catching a fair ball on the first bounce. Four years later, it barred participation by African Americans.[2. The game's commercial potential was developing: in 1.
Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams.[2. The first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, lasted from 1. The more formally structured National League was founded in 1. As the oldest surviving major league, the National League is sometimes referred to as the "senior circuit".[2. Several other major leagues formed and failed.
In 1. 88. 4, African American Moses Walker (and, briefly, his brother Welday) played in one of these, the American Association.[2. An injury ended Walker's major league career, and by the early 1. Professional Negro leagues formed, but quickly folded.
Several independent African American teams succeeded as barnstormers.[2. Also in 1. 88. 4, overhand pitching was legalized.[2. In 1. 88. 7, softball, under the name of indoor baseball or indoor- outdoor, was invented as a winter version of the parent game.[3. Virtually all of the modern baseball rules were in place by 1. The National League's first successful counterpart, the American League, which evolved from the minor Western League, was established that year.[3.
The two leagues, each with eight teams, were rivals that fought for the best players, often disregarding each other's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes.[3. A modicum of peace was eventually established, leading to the National Agreement of 1.
The pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country's minor professional leagues.[3. The World Series, pitting the two major league champions against each other, was inaugurated that fall, albeit without express major league sanction: The Boston Americans of the American League defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League.[3.
The next year, the series was not held, as the National League champion New York Giants, under manager. John Mc. Graw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion.[3. In 1. 90. 5, the Giants were National League champions again and team management relented, leading to the establishment of the World Series as the major leagues' annual championship event.[3.
As professional baseball became increasingly profitable, players frequently raised grievances against owners over issues of control and equitable income distribution. During the major leagues' early decades, players on various teams occasionally attempted strikes, which routinely failed when their jobs were sufficiently threatened. In general, the strict rules of baseball contracts and the reserve clause, which bound players to their teams even when their contracts had ended, tended to keep the players in check.[3. Motivated by dislike for particularly stingy owner Charles Comiskey and gamblers' payoffs, real and promised, members of the Chicago White Sox conspired to throw the 1. World Series. The Black Sox Scandal led to the formation of a new National Commission of baseball that drew the two major leagues closer together.[3. The first major league baseball commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, was elected in 1.